Crumb
Rubber Modifier in Asphalt Pavement
Appendix D
Appendix D
Typical
Specifications
Florida
Department of Transportation
I.
Asphalt Rubber Binder. (FA 9-12-94) (REV 8-35-94)
Section 336 (Pages 42-46) of the Supplemental Specifications
is deleted and the following is substituted:
Section 336 - Asphalt Rubber Binder
336-1 Description.
This specification governs the production of asphalt rubber binder for use in Asphaltic Concrete Friction Courses and Asphalt Rubber Membrane Interlayers.
336-2 Materials.
336-2.1
Asphalt Cement:
The particular grade of asphalt cement as specified in Table
336-1 for the respective uses shall meet the requirements of
Section 916.
336-2.2 Ground Tire Rubber: The type of ground tire rubber
shall meet the requirements of Section 919.
336-3 Asphalt Rubber Binder.
The asphalt cement and ground tire rubber shall be thoroughly mixed and reacted in accordance with the requirements of Table 336-1 The rubber type shall be in accordance with the approved design mix. Blending of the asphalt cement and ground tire rubber will be accomplished at the asphalt supplier's terminal or at the project site.
336-4 Equipment.
The
blending equipment for asphalt rubber binder shall be designed
for that purpose and shall be capable of producing a homogeneous
mixture of ground tire rubber and asphalt cement meeting the
requirements of Table 336-1. The blending unit may be a batch
type or continuous type and shall provide for sampling of the
blended and reacted asphalt rubber binder material during normal
production. The accuracy of the meter used to determine the asphalt
rubber binder content of bituminous mixtures shall be certified
once every six months. Such certification shall be furnished
by an approved scale technician, and the Contractor shall be
responsible for obtaining this certification.
In order to meet specification requirements specialized equipment
will be necessary to handle and keep the asphalt rubber uniformly
blended while in storage. Storage tanks shall be equipped with
a sampling device.
336-5 Testing and Certification Requirements.
- One
per batch (for batch blending) or two per day (for continuous
blending) during blending at the project site.
- Each
load delivered to the project site when blended at the asphalt
supplier's terminal.
- Beginning of each day from the storage tank when the asphalt rubber binder is stored at the project site.
- One
per batch (for batch blending) or two per day (for continuous
blending) during blending at the project site.
- Beginning of each day from the storage tank when the asphalt rubber binder is stored at the project site.
336-5.1
Blending at Project Site:
The ground tire rubber content in the asphalt rubber binder will
be monitored by the Department on a daily basis based on the
following: (1) the weight of the ground tire rubber used, and
the gallons of asphalt rubber binder used (The weight per gallon
for the various types of asphalt rubber binder shown in Table
336-1 are to be used for these calculations.) or (2) the weight
of the ground tire rubber used and the number of gallons of asphalt
cement used.
336-5.2 Blending at Asphalt Supplier's Terminal: Where
the asphalt rubber binder is blended at the asphalt supplier's
terminal, each load delivered to the project site shall be certified
that the asphalt rubber binder has been produced in accordance
with and meets the requirements of 336-3. In addition, the certification
shall include the certification requirements for the asphalt
cement and ground tire rubber, as specified in 916-1.2 and 919-6,
respectively.
336-5.3 Testing of Asphalt Rubber Binder:
336-5.3.1
Quality Control Requirements:
The asphalt rubber binder shall be tested for the viscosity requirement
of Table 336-1 by the Contractor at the following frequencies
and situations:
The viscosity testing equipment specified in FM 5-548 shall be
obtained by the Contractor and made available to the Department
for acceptance purposes.
In the event that the Quality Control and Acceptance samples
are being tested simultaneously, the Acceptance Test results
can be used for quality control.
336-5.3.2 Acceptance Requirements: The Department will
test the asphalt rubber in accordance with FM 5-548 to assure
conformance with the minimum viscosity requirement as specified
in Table 336-1. Specific frequencies and situations are as follows:
If the asphalt rubber binder does not meet the minimum viscosity
requirement, the Contractor shall make the appropriate adjustments
in order to (1) correct the viscosity of the blended material,
and (2) correct the blending operation. These corrective actions
may include increasing the GTR content, lowering the blended
temperature, or increasing the reaction time. In the event that
the corrective actions taken by the Contractor fail to correct
the problem, or the material consistently fails to meet the minimum
viscosity requirement, all asphalt rubber production operations
shall be stopped until the problem has been solved. Production
operations shall not resume until approval is granted by the
District Bituminous Engineer. Any mix placed with low viscosity
asphalt rubber binder shall be subject to an engineering evaluation
to determine if it should be removed and replaced. In the event
that the viscosity of the asphalt rubber binder increases to
the extent that paving operations of the mixture are adversely
affected (i.e., density or texture problems occur), plant operations
shall be stopped until the problem has been resolved.
| Binder Type | ARB-5 | ARB-12 | ARB-20 |
| Rubber Type | Type A | Type
B (or A)1 |
Type
C (or B or A)1 |
| Min
% Ground Tire Rubber (by weight of asphalt cement) |
5 | 12 | 20 |
| AC Grade | AC-30 | AC-30 | AC-20 |
| Min Temperature, °F | 300 | 300 | 335 |
| Max Temperature, °F | 335 | 350 | 375 |
| Min. Reaction Time (minutes) | 10 | 15 (for Type B) |
30 (for Type C) |
| Unit Weight at 60°F2 (lb/gal) | 8.6 | 87 | 88 |
| Min Viscosity3 (Poises) | 4.0 @ 300°F |
10.0 @ 300°F |
15.0 @ 350 |
- Use
of finer rubber could result in the reduction of the minimum
reaction time.
- Conversions
to standard 60°F are as specified in 300-8.3.
- FM 5-548, Viscosity of Asphalt Rubber Binder by use of the Rotational Viscometer.
NOTE:
The minimum reaction time may be adjusted if approved by the
State Materials Office depending upon the temperature, size of
the ground tire rubber, and viscosity measurement determined
from the asphalt rubber binder material prior to or during production.
The asphalt rubber binder for use in membrane interlayers shall
be applied within a period of six hours unless some form of corrective
action such as cooling and reheating is approved by the State
Materials Office.
336-6 Use of Excess Asphalt Rubber.
Excess asphalt rubber may be utilized in other asphaltic concrete mixtures requiring the use of an AC-30 by blending with straight AC -30 50 that the total amount of GTR in the binder is less than 2.0 percent. Asphalt rubber blended with any asphalt material that is used as a recycling agent in a recycled mixture must be blended in such proportions that the total amount of GTR in the recycling agent is less than 1.0 percent.
337
Asphaltic Concrete Friction Courses. (FA 10-24.94) (REV 5-25-94)
SECTION 337 (Pages 265-271) is deleted and the following substituted:
Section
337 Asphaltic Concrete Friction Courses (Asphalt Rubber Binder) 337-1
Description.
This
Section specifies the materials, composition, mix design and
compensation for Asphaltic Concrete Friction Courses containing
asphalt rubber binder. The requirements for plant and equipment
for this pavement are specified in Section 320. General construction
requirements for all asphaltic concrete pavements as specified
in Section 330 are applicable to this Section subject to any
exceptions contained herein.
The work will be accepted on a LOT by LOT basis in accordance
with the applicable requirements of Sections 5, 6, and 9. The
size of the LOT for the bituminous mix accepted at the plant
will be as specified in 331-5 and for the material accepted on
the roadway as stipulated in 330-10 and 330-12.
The mixes covered by this Section are designated as Friction
Course 2 (FC-2) and Friction Course 3 (FC-3).
337-2 Materials.
337-2.1
General:
The materials used shall conform with the requirements specified
in Division Ill as modified herein.
337-2.2 Asphalt Rubber Binder: The asphalt rubber binder
material for friction courses shall be an ARB-1 2 for FC-2 and
an ARB-5 for FC-3, both meeting the requirements of Section 336.
In addition, the asphalt rubber binder shall contain 0.5 percent
heat stable anti-stripping additive from an approved source.
This amount may be varied based on tests performed by the State
Materials Office. When the amount is varied in excess of the
0.5 percent, the Contractor will be compensated at the invoice
price for the additive. When the amount is varied less than 0.5
percent, the Department shall be reimbursed at the invoice price
of the additive.
The heat stable anti-stripping additive shall be introduced and
mixed into the asphalt cement at the asphalt terminal during
loading or by the Contractor at the asphalt plant in a manner
satisfactory to the Engineer. Addition of the additive at the
asphalt terminal shall be certified by the supplier.
337-2.3 Coarse Aggregate: Except as modified herein, all
coarse aggregate shall meet the requirements of Section 901.
337-2.4 Fine Aggregate: Fine aggregates shall meet all
applicable requirements of Section 902.
337-3 General Composition of Mixes.
337-3.1
General:
The bituminous mix shall be composed of a combination of aggregate
(coarse, fine, or a mixture thereof), mineral filler if required,
and asphalt rubber binder. The several aggregate fractions shall
be sized, uniformly graded and combined in such proportions that
the resulting mix will meet the grading and physical properties
of the approved job mix formula.
337-3.2 Aggregate Components: The aggregate components
of the various mixes set out in this Section shall be as follows:
FC-2
-
The coarse aggregate component of FC-2 shall be either crushed
granite, crushed slag, or lightweight aggregates (that have been
approved for this use). Crushed limestone from the Oolitic formation
will also be permitted if the coarse aggregate contains a minimum
of twelve percent non-carbonate material as determined by FM
5-510 and approval of the source is granted by the State Materials
Office prior to its use. In addition, use of aggregates other
than those listed above may be permitted if approved by the State
Materials Office.
FC-3 - The coarse aggregate components of the FC-3 mixture
shall be either crushed gravel, crushed granite, crushed slag,
or crushed limestone from the Oolitic formation as specified
for use in FC-2. In addition, use of aggregates other than these
listed above may be permitted if approved by the State Materials
Office.
The fine aggregate components shall consist of crushed screenings
or a combination of crushed screenings and local materials. The
crushed screenings shall be composed of hard, durable particles
resulting from the crushing or processing of coarse aggregate
as specified above. In addition, screenings from other approved
sources may be used provided that the total of these screenings
along with silica sand or local materials does not exceed 40
percent. The gradation requirements of the screenings shall be
as specified in 902-5.1.
Not more than 20 percent by weight of the total aggregate used
shall be silica sand or local materials as defined in Section
902.
Continuing
approval of all sources of material for use in FC-2 and FC-3
will be based on field performance.
337-3.3 Grading Requirements: The job mix formula, as
established by the Contractor and approved by the Department,
shall be within the design range specified in Table 331-1 for
all friction courses.
337-3.4 Stability for FC-3: The constituents for FC-3
shall be combined in such proportions as to produce a mix having
Marshall properties within the limits shown in Table 331-2.
337-4 Mix Design.
The mix design shall conform to the requirements of 331-4.3 of these specifications except that Item No.7 in 331-4.3.1 shall not apply to FC-2. For FC-3, data shall be submitted showing that the mix design meet the requirements of Table 331-2 using conventional AC-30. The asphalt rubber will then be substituted at the optimum conventional binder content for production and shall be shown as the optimum binder content on the approved mix design.
337-5 Contractor's Quality Control.
The Contractor shall provide the necessary quality control of the friction course mix and construction in accordance with the applicable provisions of 6-8.4 and 331-4.4. After the mix design has been approved, the Contractor shall furnish the material to meet the approved mix design in accordance with the provisions of 331-4.4.2 and Table 331-3. Plant calibration shall comply with the provisions of 331-4.4.3 and Table 331-3.
337-6 Acceptance of Mix.
- Printing
an instantaneous reading, upon demand, of dry aggregate and asphalt
rubber binder being delivered to the drum (in TPH). The asphalt
rubber binder content for acceptance purposes will then be based
on the calculated binder content from the printout that is obtained
based upon the random number.
- Printing
an instantaneous reading, at a regular frequency of no longer
than 5 minutes, of dry aggregate and asphalt rubber binder that
is delivered to the drum (in TPH). The asphalt rubber binder
content for acceptance purposes will then be based upon the calculated
binder content from the printout obtained that is nearest to
the random number.
337-6.1
Acceptance at the Plant:
The bituminous mix shall be accepted at the plant with respect
to gradation in accordance with the applicable requirements of
331-5. Acceptance determinations for asphalt rubber binder content
for mixtures produced by batch, drum, or continuous mix plants
are as follows:
337-6.1.1 Batch Plants: All batch plants producing friction
course mixtures containing asphalt rubber shall be equipped with
an automatic printer system which is capable of printing either
the individual bin weights or total aggregate weight, as well
as the amount of asphalt rubber binder, that is delivered to
the pugmill. Each batch of asphaltic concrete mixture produced
shall have an individual printout.
The asphalt rubber binder content for acceptance purposes shall
be based on the calculated binder content from the printout of
the batch that is selected based upon the random number. Payment
shall be based on the provisions of Table 331-6, using the Asphalt
Cement Content (printout) characteristic.
The batch scales and the accuracy of the automatic printer system
shall be certified at least once every six months. Such certification
shall be furnished by an approved certified scale technician
and the Contractor shall be responsible for obtaining this certification.
The automatic printer system shall maintain an accuracy of one
percent for the asphalt rubber binder and aggregate.
337-6.1.2 Drum-Mix Plants: All drum-mix plants producing
friction course mixtures containing asphalt rubber shall be equipped
with a metering/printer system that is capable of one of the
following:
The
instantaneous readings of asphalt rubber binder and dry aggregate
shall be synchronized such that the readings are representative
of the proportions of asphalt rubber binder and dry aggregate
at the instant that they are combined.
Payment shall be based on the provisions of Table 331-6, using
the Asphalt Cement Content (printout) characteristic.
The metering/printer system shall be certified at least once
every six months. Such certification shall be furnished by an
approved certified scale technician and the Contractor shall
be responsible for obtaining this certification. The metering/printer
system shall maintain an accuracy of one-half percent for the
asphalt rubber binder and one percent for the aggregate.
337-6.1.3 Continuous-Mix Plants: All continuous-mix plants
producing friction course mixtures containing asphalt rubber
binder shall be equipped with a metering/printer system as approved
by the District Bituminous Engineer. The asphalt rubber binder
content for acceptance purposes will then be based on the calculated
binder content from the metering/printer system that is obtained
based upon the random number.
Payment shall be based on the provisions of Table 331-6, using
the Asphalt Cement Content (printout) characteristic.
The metering/printer system shall be certified at least once
every six months. Such certification shall be furnished by an
approved certified scale technician and the Contractor shall
be responsible for obtaining this certification. The metering/printer
system shall maintain an accuracy of 1/2% for both the asphalt
rubber binder and aggregate.
337-6.2 Acceptance on the Roadway: The bituminous mix
will be accepted on the roadway with respect to density and surface
tolerance in accordance with the applicable provisions of 330-10
and 330-12. There will be no density requirements for FC-2.
337-6.3 Additional Tests: The provisions of 331-5.5 shall
apply to the friction courses FC-2 and FC-3.
337-7
Special Construction Requirements.
337-7.1
Temperature Requirements for FC-2:
337-7.1.1
Air Temperature at Laydown:
The mixture shall be spread only when the air temperature (the
temperature in the shade away from artificial heat) is at or
above 60°F.
337-7.1.2 Temperature of the Mix The asphalt rubber binder
and aggregates shall be heated and combined in such a manner
as to produce a mix having a temperature, when discharged from
the pugmill, of 290°F. The tolerance from this established
temperature shall be as specified in Table 330-1. All other requirements
of 330-6.3 shall apply to FC-2.
337-7.2
Temperature Requirements for FC-3:
337-7.2.1
Air Temperature at Laydown:
The mixture shall be spread only when the air temperature (the
temperature in the shade away from artificial heat) is at or
above 45°F.
337-7.2.2 Temperature of the Mix: The asphalt rubber binder
and aggregates shall be heated and combined in such a manner
as to produce a mix having a temperature, when discharged from
the pugmill, of 310°F. The tolerance from this established
temperature shall be as specified in Table 330-1. All other requirements
of 330-6.3 shall apply to FC-3.
337-7.3
Compaction of FC-2:
Only seal rolling will be required; this rolling will be accomplished
using a tandem steel-wheel roller. The weight of the steel-wheel
roller shall not exceed 135 pounds per linear inch (PLI) of drum
width.
PLI = Total Weight of Roller (pounds) / Total Width of Drums
(inches)
Rolling shall be accomplished with a single coverage and with
a nominal amount of overlap. Where the lane being placed is adjacent
to a previously laid mat, the longitudinal joint will not be
pinched in a manner with the roller on the cold mat. The longitudinal
joint will be pinched with the roller on the mat being rolled,
overlapping onto the cold mat by no more than three inches.
In no case shall a roller be allowed on the mat after the seal
rolling has been completed.
337-7.4 Prevention of Adhesion: In order to minimize adhesion
to the drum during the rolling operations, a small amount of
liquid detergent may be added to the water in the roller.
At intersections and in other areas where the pavement may be
subjected to cross-traffic before it has cooled, the approaches
shall be sprayed with water in order to wet the tires of the
approaching vehicles before they cross the pavement.
337-7.5 Thickness of Friction Courses: The thickness of
the friction course shall be designated in the plans. This is
the minimum desirable thickness for FC-3 and the maximum desirable
thickness for FC-2. The minimum spread rate for FC-2 shall be
25 pounds per square yard when lightweight aggregates are used
and 40 pounds per square yard when conventional aggregates are
used.
337-7.5.1
Thickness Requirements-Tonnage Payment: For FC-2 mixes
where payment is on a tonnage basis, the rate of application
shown on the plans shall be considered approximate. The intent
is to achieve the maximum thickness of the friction course shown
in the plans. Particular care must be exercised to avoid exceeding
the established rate of application for FC-2 mixes.
337-7.5.2 Thickness Requirements-Square Yard Payment:
The thickness shall be determined in accordance with 330-15.1
except that the average thickness will not be calculated. Cores
will not be taken in areas where the friction course is being
transitioned in thickness to tie into an existing surface. The
maximum allowable deficiency from the thickness specified in
the plans shall be 1/4 inch. If any area is deficient in thickness
by more than the allowable tolerance, the Contractor shall correct
the deficiency by removing and replacing the friction course
at the proper thickness. Thickness deficiencies may be corrected
by overlaying if approved by the Engineer. The overlay shall
extend 50 feet either side of the deficient area and shall extend
across the full width of the roadway.
As an exception to the foregoing, if the Engineer determines
that the friction course will satisfactorily perform its intended
function without corrective work, the friction course may be
left in place without compensation. The area for which no payment
will be made shall be the product of the total distance between
cores indicating thickness within tolerances and the width of
the lane which was laid in the particular pass in which the deficient
thickness occurred. Additional cores will be taken as necessary
to define the limits of a deficiency. Open-graded friction courses
will not be cored for thickness determinations.
337-7.6
Hot Storage of FC-2 Mixes:
When surge or storage bins are used in the normal production
of FC-2, as with the drum mixer plants, the maximum time the
mix is allowed to remain in the surge or storage bin shall not
exceed one hour.
337-7.7 Longitudinal Grade Controls for Open-Graded Friction
Courses: On open-graded friction courses, the use of the
longitudinal grade control (skid, ski, or traveling stringline)
is prohibited. The use of the joint matcher is required.
337-7.8 Transportation Requirements of Friction Course Mixtures:
All loads of friction course mixtures shall be covered with a
tarpaulin as specified in 320-6.4.
337-8 Method of Measurement.
337-8.1
Payment Based on Area:
When the plans indicate that the friction course is to be paid
for on an area basis, the area to be paid for shall be plan quantity
subject to 9-3.2. The pay area shall include entire areas of
transitions to tie into existing pavement but excluding areas
for which no payment is to be made due to deficient thickness
as defined in 337-7.5. No adjustment to the area to be paid for
will be made for extra thickness.
337-8.2 Payment Based on Weight: When the plans indicate
that the friction course is to be paid for by weight, the weight
shall be determined as provided in 320-2 (including provisions
for the automatic recordation system).
For FC-2 mixes, in the event the actual rate of application exceeds
the rate established by the DOT Lab (as provided in 337-7.5.1)
by in excess of ten pounds per square yard, the weight to be
paid for shall be reduced to a theoretical quantity computed
as the product of the actual area covered by the friction course
and the established rate of application plus ten pounds per square
yard.
337-8.3Bituminous Material: The provisions of 331-6.4
apply to bituminous materials used in friction course mixes.
337-9 Basis of Payment.
337-9.1
Asphalt Rubber Binder:
The bid price for the friction course mix shall include the cost
of the asphalt cement, ground tire rubber, anti-stripping agent
and blending and handling of the asphalt rubber binder in the
friction course mix. The bid price for the friction course shall
be based on the following asphalt rubber binder contents:
| Mix Type | Asphalt
Rubber Binder Content (%) by weight of total mix |
| FC-2 | 7.11 |
| FC-3 | 6.5 |
- 13.8 for FC-2 with lightweight aggregate.
NOTE:
If
the asphalt rubber binder content in the approved mix design
increases or decreases from the foregoing percentages, the bid
price of the mix will be adjusted based on the invoice price
of the asphalt rubber binder material plus ten percent of the
invoice price. When the asphalt rubber binder is blended at the
asphalt plant, the invoice price will be a combination of the
invoice price for the asphalt cement, the ground tire rubber
and the blending of the asphalt rubber binder.
Adjustment
($/sy) =
t (ARBCDesign - ARBCTable)100 lb/sy-in
/ 8.6 lb/gal * (IP) 1.10
where
| ARBCTable | = | Asphalt Rubber Binder Content (%) from above table, |
| ARBCDesign | = | Asphalt Rubber Binder Content (%) in the mix design, as issued by the Materials Office, |
| t | = | Design Thickness (inches) |
| IP | = | Invoice Price |
8.6/b/gal) x Invoice Price x 1.10
where ARBCDesign - ARBCable = .070 -
.065 = .005, and other variables are defined above.
*For FC-2 the lb/sy4nch will be based on the average spread rate
for the project, and the thickness will not be needed.
The contract unit price per square yard for Asphaltic Concrete
Friction Course shall be full compensation for all the work specified
under this Section.
Payment shall be made under:
Item No.337-5 - Asphaltic Concrete Friction Course -
per square yard
I.
Ground Tire Rubber for Use in Asphalt Rubber Binder. (FA 9-12-94)
(REV 5-25-94)
Section 919 (Pages 253-255) of the Supplemental Specifications
is deleted and the following is substituted:
Section 919 - Ground Tire Rubber for Use in Asphalt Rubber Binder
919-1 Description.
This specification governs ground tire rubber for use in asphalt rubber binders for use in a variety of paving applications.
919-2 General Requirements.
The ground tire rubber shall be produced from tires such that the final processing is an ambient grinding method. The rubber shall be sufficiently dry so as to be free flowing and to prevent foaming when mixed with asphalt cement. The rubber shall be substantially free from contaminants including fabric, metal, mineral, and other non-rubber substances. Up to four percent (by weight of rubber) of talc or other inert dusting agent may be added to prevent sticking and caking of the particles.
919-3 Physical Requirements.
The
physical properties of the ground tire rubber shall be determined
in accordance with FM 5-559 and shall meet the following requirements:
Specific
Gravity-1.10 i 0.06
Moisture Content-Maximum 0.75%
Metal Contaminants-Maximum 0.01%
Gradation-The gradation shall meet the limits shown in Table
919-1 for the type of rubber specified.
Table
919-1
Gradations
of Ground Tire Rubber
| Sieve
Size % Passing |
Type A | Type B | Type C |
| 10 | -- | -- | 100 |
| 20 | -- | 100 | 85-100 |
| 40 | 100 | 85-100 | 20-60 |
| 80 | 90-100 | 10-50 | 5-20 |
| 100 | 70-90 | 5-30 | -- |
| 200 | 35-60 | -- | -- |
919-4 Chemical Requirements.
The
chemical composition of the ground tire rubber shall be determined
in accordance with ASTM D 297 and shall meet the following requirements:
Acetone
Extract-Maximum 25 percent.
Rubber Hydrocarbon Content-40 to 55 percent.
Ash Content-Maximum 8 percent. Carbon Black Content-20 to 40
percent.
Natural Rubber-i 6 to 45 percent. 10 percent for Type A rubber.
919-5 Packaging and Identification Requirements.
The ground tire rubber shall be supplied in moisture resistant packaging such as either disposable bags or other appropriate bulk containers. Each container or bag of ground tire rubber shall be labeled with the manufacturer's designation for the rubber and the specific type, maximum nominal size, weight and manufacturer's batch or lot designation.
919-6 Certification Requirements.
The manufacturer of the ground rubber shall furnish the Engineer certified test results covering each shipment of material to each project. These reports shall indicate the results of tests required by this specification. They shall also include a certification that the material conforms with all requirements of this specification, and shall be identified by manufacturer's batch or lot number.
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